My Individual Definition Regarding Freedom - 1338 Words

Harshil Rajpara Block 2 English 11 H. 02,17,2015 Freedom Everyone has different definition regarding freedom. My individual definition regarding freedom is the state of being spontaneous or at an authorization rather than in restriction or under physical limitations. This definition of freedom is related to culture like being able to follow and respect any culture or religion one chooses to follow. It may also relate back in history like how Gandhi†¦show more content†¦Culture is a way of life in which any one if not everyone has a born right to follow anything they want. Culture is a great example of Freedom but, living by ones rules and believing in what is right without any restriction or any regrets is as important as having a right to follow any religion that one wants. This is exactly what Gandhi and Mandela did to liberalize their respectful country India and South-Africa from the unforgiving presiding of racial-discrimination. Gandhi was born in 1869 in Porbandar, an Indian seaside town in West India. In 1888 he arrived to Britain to study law. He restored back to India in 1891 to work as an attorney but he was unsuccessful because he was withdrawn, yet unwilling to be pushed about. Therefore in 1893 he took a job in South Africa, on behalf of the interests of Indian wholesalers. Shortly after reaching South Africa, he experienced its racial preconception when he was ejected from a first-class railway compartment because a white man objected to him being there, even though Gandhi had a first-class ticket. Back home India was under the rule of British for well over one hundred years. India and fellow Indians were tired of â€Å"Imperialized India†. Indians had to originate nearby a strategy that would relief Indians through the bias rules of British. All they desired was a complete conform plan. They did have a plan it was known as non-violence act. Gandhi became complex in

Utilizing Qr Code Technology for Emr. Free Essays

string(206) " This may overcome the issues of Page | 3 Utilizing QR Code Technology In Encoding Patient Summary List 2012 reporting accidents by using the QR technology as an accurate, unique and prompt reporting tool\." Utilizing QR Code Technology In Encoding Patient Summary List 2012 Utilizing QR Code Technology In Encoding Patient Summary List Fatima Alsaleh and Samir Elmasri PhD College of Computer and Information Systems, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia Abstract: In situations like emergency, where the immediately gained, summarized and accurate information may radically make the difference between life and death, the need for a solution that fulfills this requirement arises. Number of solutions was previously proposed including emergency card and smart cards, but each has number of cons and pros. With the rapid adoption of smartphones, QR codes (Quick Response) is the ideal substitute for the current circumstances. We will write a custom essay sample on Utilizing Qr Code Technology for Emr. or any similar topic only for you Order Now It can be easily read by the paramedics, whether they are medical professionals or bystanders and provide immediate, accurate, reliable information that radically impact an individual’s life, in case of emergency. This paper discusses the advantageous utilization of the QR code and smartphone revolutionary technology in the medical field. It also discusses other uses of QR code, in some related fields where it can be beneficial the most. Page | 1 Utilizing QR Code Technology In Encoding Patient Summary List 2012 Introduction Accidents happen all the time all around the world. A continuous work by the governments and non-profit associations has been accomplished to propose and impose policies and procedures that best decrease the number of accidents and control their tragic consequences. On the other hand, an increasing number of researches and tested methodologies have been conducted in the past few years, specifically in the field of emergency, to best control the damages. The main focus was to summaries the most important and critical medical information about an individual in an in a portable means and ensure a quick retrieval of these data in a secure manner. The earliest attempt to compliance with the quick, secure and summarized access to an individual’s critical medical information was by using emergency cards. Some Health providers companies provide their patients with an emergency card that has some information extracted from the patient summary List. This card has saved lives as it’s the guide that could help the first aiders or emergency staff to act accurately in a timely manner. The means, however, evolved over years to cope with the technology revolution and benefit the most of it. Encoding the patients EMR in smart card is a methodology that has been rapidly followed by many EMR companies and healthcare providers. A part of the medical record of any patient is a summary known as a Patient Summary List or Problem Summary List. This paper proposes a method that could benefit from the two aforementioned important concepts. The method introduces the use of the Quick Response (QR) technology in the patient’s Emergency card. Related Work Some health providers provide their patients with an Emergency Card that usually has the vital medical information that could make the difference between life and death, usually known as Patient summary list (part of the Electronic Medical Record). The list should include the patient’s ID, medical history of Arthritis, Hypertension, Cancer, Diabetes, Heart Disease, etc. any operative and invasive procedure, any adverse and allergic drug reaction, present medications [1][2]. The natural medium to record the patient’s medical information is the papers. Even though papers have advantages of being low in cost, available and portable, problems raised due to the decentralized nature of the paper-based medical records, difficulties Page | 2 Utilizing QR Code Technology In Encoding Patient Summary List 2012 in data storage and retrieval, threat of being damaged or lost, etc. Consequently, the concept of Electronic Medical Record has been introduced to overcome these issues. Examples of early electronic systems include Computer-stored Ambulatory Record (COSTAR), Health Evaluation through Logical Processing (HELP), and Multiphase Health Testing System (MHTS) [3]. Smart Card is the perfect media that can be used as a health card due to its small size, secure, capability of digitizing a huge amount of personal and medical data [4]. Some attempts have been done by researchers to develop a personal portable healthcare record smart cards and a corresponding framework to simplify maintenance and transfer of patient records [9]. Researchers in the U. K. have created MyCare, a smart card with a fold-out USB plug that can hold a patient’s medical history. MyCare was developed with open source that enables it to run on different computers and operating systems. Data is protected through PINs and encryption, with a higher level of encryption planned for further stages in the development process [5][6]. These smart card projects work better in countries with nationalized health care. In the US For example, competition among hospitals is a barrier to a smart card system [5]. Smart card technology was not widely spread due to lack of standards (Dash, 2001); the communications between a smart card and smart card reader. The cards also need to be updated constantly which would be hard to enforce [10]. For smart cards, user mobility is only possible if every machine that the user access has a smart card reader attached. The machine must support the same standard smart card reader interfaces or use the same proprietary smart card reader [11]. Research Statement Due to the barriers of smart cards usage including, the high cost value, the unnecessary imposed security and the need for a special card reader, the smart emergency card solution may not be the best solution. The proposed method is the use of Quick Response (QR) codes to hold the patient’s critical medical information. The solution overcomes the expense, unavailability and communication issues of the smart card, by the fact that QR is inexpensive technology that doesn’t need a special reader, it needs software that could be installed freely on any smart phone. This ensures the quick yet accurate and responsive aid provided to unresponsive individual in case of emergency. The solution should also be used as a reporting tool. It can be embedded into a smart phone application developed to be used for reporting accidents. This may overcome the issues of Page | 3 Utilizing QR Code Technology In Encoding Patient Summary List 2012 reporting accidents by using the QR technology as an accurate, unique and prompt reporting tool. Background Quick Response (QR) codes are type of two dimensional barcodes. It’s a technique that was first invented by Denso-Wave, a subsidiary of Toyota Group that was firstly designed to track the vehicles’ parts manufacturing process, and since then it has grown rapidly. In Recent years it has been utilized to work as a marketing tool to advertise for products, sites, brands, etc. Fig1: QR codes structure [16] QR Code can store up to 7089 numeric characters, 4296 alphanumeric characters or 2953 bytes (8-bit binary). They are capable of storing different types of data: text, vCards, pictures, URLs, Videos, etc. The stored data is extracted in a readable form through QR readers that are usually smartphone software, or dedicate QR reading devices. Number of QR code scanner applications is available for Apple, BlackBerry and Android smartphones, mostly for free. Once installed, it uses the phone’s embedded camera to scan the code and decode it instantly. Page | 4 Utilizing QR Code Technology In Encoding Patient Summary List 2012 Proposed Solution The idea behind this paper is very easy to grasp. The aim is to have a mechanism that provide the first aiders to know what needed to be known, at the right time, with the easiest possible means. For unresponsive person, or in case if an individual was unable to speak and give vital information, it is important to have some sort of easy to get yet authenticated and accurate medical summary that can be available at anytime, anywhere. In some cases, it makes the difference between life and death. Patient Summary List The more we know the better we act and response. In medicine, to know the patient’s historical and current medical condition is as much important as the action to be taken on the case. Delaying a treatment or prescribing a wrong medication or one that conflicts with the patient’s medical condition could be dangerous and might end up deadly. From this point, the importance of the Patient Summary List arises. The Patient Summary List is a summarized accessible list of the patient’s significant medical information. The summary should contain as much information as possible to assist medics and other first responders in case of emergency. The information may include the following categories, though, some entries might be optional. Each entry has to be timestamped: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Patient’s information: age, sex, marital status, weight, height and blood type. Hospital-related information: name, ID, address, phone number, medical record, hospital’s name. Emergency contacts. Allergies/Adverse Allergic Drug Reactions. Significant medical diagnoses and conditions: Cancer, Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, Heart Disease, Angina, Pacemaker, Stroke, Circulation Problem, Arthritis, infectious disease (TB/Hepatitis/MRSA), Osteoporosis / osteopenia, Lung problems, Seizures, Polio / post-polio, Urinary incontinence, Depression, HIV positive, Pregnancy condition, Wearing Contact Lenses, Smoker or not. 6. Significant surgical/invasive procedures. Page | 5 Utilizing QR Code Technology In Encoding Patient Summary List 2012 7. 8. Medication/Vitamins/Supplements names, doses, frequency and rout for each. Education: Language spoken, Barriers to learning (blind/deaf/etc) [12]. Medical Records are created by the medical institutes for every individual assessed or treated. Consequently, the Patient’s Summary List should be derived from the patient’s Medical Record. The Summary List must be prepared by the Hospital of which the patient is having his treatment to ensure the legibility, completeness and authentication [13]. It’s also important to have the list updated whenever there is a change in medication, diagnose or allergies and also whenever a procedure is performed. Why QR Codes? Some medical institutes tend to provide their patients with a Summary List printed on a paper (or card) or coded in a smart card. Both ways have number of cons and pros. The usage of printed Summary List in a paper is condition of damage. Especially ICE (In Case of Emergency), it can easily burn, get wet or shredded into pieces and loss it’s value. The use of cards might be a safer choice, but it’s impossible to have it small enough to fit in someone’s wallet and yet have it containing all needed information about the person’s medical condition. The use of smart cards on the other hand, might be the best solution comparing with the other available means since they are safer, have a larger capacity, easily to carry along and can be kept up t date without the need to issue new ones. However, they need special readers to read them that are usually unavailable for the first aiders ICE. Besides, smart cards are costly to issue and maintain. QR code’s quickness, availability, widely spread and low cost might lead it to be a very good choice to encode the Patient’s Summary List. It overcomes the issues encountered in other means, and they can be utilized to serve other purposes that will be discussed later in this paper. With the advantages of the QR codes usage has been examined and assessed, we are ready to discuss the proposed procedure and a suggested standard: ? The list should be captured and stored in a standard encoding system to support data sharing, analysis and provide a more practical and accurate way Page | 6 Utilizing QR Code Technology In Encoding Patient Summary List 2012 o retrieve the required information. The standard of the Summary List has to be proposed and admitted by the Ministry of Health. ? Administration and maintenance of the Summary List is important. Healthcare providers are responsible of issuing a Summary List of each patient’s EMR. They are also responsible for encoding it in a QR code. ? ? The issued QR codes should be printed on wallet-sized cards and submitted to patients. The QR card should be on the medical card ( printed right on the back of the card on printed on a sticker on the same card). The medical card (with QR code at back of it) has to be kept right next to the driving license in someone’s wallet. This is critical to have the first responders make use of this method. ? The Summary List has to be updated by the issuer upon any significant change in the patient’s medications or health condition. Further, if the patient was examined by a hospital other that the one issuing the code, it’s the responsibility of the patient to update the QR code with the new medical information according to the hospital’s report. People have to be educated by spreading the QR concept and the role it’s playing in rescuing individuals ICE. The paramedics (emergency staff) on the other hand have to have the dedicated QR code readers or having the scanning software installed on their smartphones. Having these standards stated out, the QR code usage can be efficiently utilized and beneficial. If individuals were educated and aware about saving someone†™s life using the proposed method, the number of errors that might be encountered will decrease rapidly. In contrary with the other possible means, QR codes do not require a special reader or password authentication or a computer to be read, which make them accessible whenever needed. In addition, bar codes are proven technology that can be used in health care, where little room for error exists. Page | 7 Utilizing QR Code Technology In Encoding Patient Summary List 2012 Possible Scenario The following scenario is summarized in Fig 4 below, a possible QR utilization scenario: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. An accident happens to an individual carrying a QR code card. The first responder (emergency professional or bystander) check the infected person’s wallet and find the QR code. The code is scanned by the rescuer’s Smartphone’s QR reader. The summary list with all significant medical information is displayed. The rescuer provides the first aids according to the infected person’s medical status, whether he/she has a Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, Heart Disease, etc, and call the emergency. 6. The emergency professionals should take the proper, most accurate action based on the extracted medical status. This can make the difference between life and death. Other actions can also be taken by the rescuer like for example sending the QR code through a Smartphone’s software (detailed in Other Medical-Related QR Uses section below). Fig2: QR code workflow in case of emergency Page | 8 Utilizing QR Code Technology In Encoding Patient Summary List 2012 QR Coded Patient Summary List Update As stated above, the providers should update the patient’s summary list whenever there is a change in diagnosis, medications, or allergies to medications and whenever a procedure is performed. The Patient Summary List is derived from the patient’s Electronic Medical/Health Record [17]. The summary list contains specific attributes extracted from the medical record. Having these attributes labeled in the electronic medical record will ease the process of extracting and updating the Patient Summary List attribute’s values. So, the system should trigger an update on the patient’s list whenever a change in the labeled attributes. Fig3: QR code workflow in case of emergency [17] How to Update QR Codes? There are two main types of QR codes; static and dynamic. Static QR codes contents are static, cannot be edited or updated, whereas the dynamic QR code’s content can be easily updated. Also, unlike the static QR codes, it does not require generating new QR code. The exact printed QR can be used that leads to the updated contents. When the QR codes are used to encode the Patient Summary List, a frequent content update will be needed. Accordingly three main QR forms are proposed: Page | 9 Utilizing QR Code Technology In Encoding Patient Summary List 2012 1. Using a static QR codes with a static summary list that needs to be re-printer upon each record change. In this case, the provider may print the codes on stickers and remove the old ones once the new ones are issued. This might be more cost effective than re-printing the patient card with the new QR code on the back. 2. Instead of having QR codes printed out, a soft copy of the QR code can be generated and loaded into an individual’s mobile. This is also effective in cost-wise, but it might be not so practical in case of an emergency. The rescuer may not be able to locate the QR code image in the mobile of an unconscious person, or the mobile is locked with a pin or it’s out of battery, etc. Though it is easy to maintain and saves the cost of reprinting the code upon a record change. . Using the dynamic QR codes that have a dynamic content with an editable, editable content using the same printed code. Further, some QR code generator companies (like SQUARE) provide a track service and statics of how many devices scanned the code, where, scanner device type, etc. Having this concept applied on the medical health field considered very practical. In view thereof, dynamic QR codes are t he best utilization due its cost saving, efficiency and easy to maintain. However, since this kind of codes requires a wireless connection, it might be limited. Though, it’s not a huge barrier in today’s networked world. Fig4: QR Update trigger scenario. Page | 10 Utilizing QR Code Technology In Encoding Patient Summary List 2012 Updating QR code procedure Each step in the above scenario figure (Fig 4) is described as follows: A patient visits the hospital (1), and a change in one of the stated record attributes (2) (change in diagnosis, medications, or allergies to medications and whenever a procedure is performed. ) has been encountered. So the updated patient record should trigger a generation of an updated summary list (3). Accordingly, new updated QR code/QR content has to be issued (4), and a notification sent to the patient with this update. ? ? If the static QR code form is adapted by the hospital, then the notification should instruct the patient to pick up the updated QR code card/sticker (4. 1). If the soft copied QR code form is adapted, then the notification should instruct the patient to download the latest QR code (either from the hospital’s site after the patient login or sent for the patient email) (4. 2). ? If the dynamic QR code form is adapted, then the codes destination contents updated upon the new summary list update (4. ). Other Medical-Related QR Uses Aside of utilizing the QR codes as an emergency guide for paramedics that provide a reliable, easy to use, quick access to an individual’s Medical Summary List, QR codes can be used in other fields as well, as detailed in this section. The QR codes can be used as a reporting tool. By having an Emergency reporting channel other that the unified number, a software application installed on the smartphones, QR can be used as follows: ? ? Using the smartphone’s camera, the QR code of the affected person is scanned through the Emergency software application. The software should display the encoded information, and a reporting option should also be available (say, a button). Page | 11 Utilizing QR Code Technology In Encoding Patient Summary List 2012 ? ? ? Upon pressing the button, the software should send the patient information to the emergency department along with the reporting location coordinates. The reporter information may also send (the reporter phone number can be easily gained from the user’s phone). To capitalize the benefits, the reporting tool can play a complementary role of a clouded EMR system that is made available for the centralized Emergency unit. If this the case then a link to the QR holder’s EMR could be also implicitly embedded and can be easily gain access to be the authorized Emergency staff. Having such system will not only provide a fast, accurate and reliable accident reporting tool, but it’ll also help in reducing the redundancy encountered when reporting accidents and emergencies. Another usage of the QR code can be as portable, summarized EHR. Keeping a personal health record encoded in a QR with you when visiting a doctor that is not necessarily a staff member of the hospital where your Medical Record is kept is very helpful. It’ll provide the doctor a sufficient answer when the he asks â€Å"what medications are you taking? † It’ll save time, effort and the cost of running lab tests and radio-imaging for checking the accurate medical condition since they are encoded in the QR code, summarized, reliable and up to date. Another use could be on some other direction, by the police department. When someone is kept under custody, it would be helpful to avoid unexpected situations can be experienced with the kept person such as infectious diseases, heart diseases, high blood pressure, etc. Knowing such medical information is as much needful as keeping the person in prison, since it help in saving the lives inside the prison (life of the prisoners) and out (keeping the offender in custody). Conclusion We may not be able to stop the accidents from happening, but we are able and responsible to cut the losses and control their tragic consequences as much as we can. The practical knowledge of the medical workers coupled with the knowledge and expertise of the technology experts and developers can result technology-utilized solutions to everyday. In this Page | 12 Utilizing QR Code Technology In Encoding Patient Summary List 2012 respect, solutions were proposed, researches were conducted and regulations were imposed, every day to best achieve this goal. This paper proposes a practical, non-cost affective, timely solution that can best utilize the widely spread technology â€Å"QR† to help saving lives. This solution can be utilized even more to be a complementary tool for the currently function, or proposed, emergency systems. References [1] http://westhoustonmedctr. ehc. com/CPM/Patient%20Summary%20List. df [accessed: 9 March 2012] [2] http://www. urology-partners. com/Forms/MEDICAL_HISTORY. pdf [accessed: 9 March 2012] [3] Lowe, H. J, â€Å"The Electronic Medical Record†, (2003), Stanford University School of Medicine [4] http://www. smartcardsource. com/health. html [accessed: 11 March 2012] [5]http://www. secureidnews. com/2011/06/15/smart-cards-show-potential-for-medicalrecords [accessed: 12 March 2012] [6 ]http://www. smartplanet. com/blog/rethinking-healthcare/mycare-your-entire-medicalhistory-on-a-smart-card/5207 [accessed: 12 March 2012] [7] http://www. martcardalliance. org/pages/publications-smart-card-technology-in-healthcare [accessed: 15 March 2012] [8] Smart cards—the key to trustworthy health information systems BMJ 1997; 314 doi: 10. 1136/bmj. 314. 7080. 573(Published 22 February 1997) [9] Changrui Xiao and Arthur Yu: Medical Smart Card System for Patient Record Management. Bears Breaking Boundaries 2009 Science, Technology, and Energy Policy White Paper Competition [10] Dennis Emmett and Reagan Bundy, Marshall University: PROVIDING BETTER PATIENT SERVICES UTILIZING SMART CARD TECHNOLOGY. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association of Collegiate Marketing Educators (2005) [11] David Chadwick: Smart CardsAren’t Always the Smart Choice. University of Salford. Decemper 1999 [12]http://www. barnabashealth. org/hospitals/ambulatory_care_center/acrobat/rehab_adult_s ummarylist. pdf [accessed: 12 April 2012] [13] http://www. dental-design. co. uk/2011/11/29/a-guide-to-qr-codes/ [accessed: 2 April 2012] Page | 13 Utilizing QR Code Technology In Encoding Patient Summary List 2012 [14]http://www. medical. siemens. com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/PSGenericDisplay~q_catal ogId~e_-1~a_langId~e_-1~a_pageId~e_83438~a_storeId~e_10001. tm 2012] [15]http://jpgraph. net/download/manuals/chunkhtml/ch27. html#id2608334 May 2012] [16] http://www. thisbloglife. com/2012/01/qr-codes-enter-the-matrix/ [accessed: 20 April 2012] [17]http://www. philblock. info/hitkb/s/system_and_DB_architectures_used_in_commercial_EH Rs. html [accessed: 10 May 2012] [18]http://www. csinov. com/wor dpress/index. php/solutions/ehr-solutions/electronicmedical-records/ [accessed: 4 May 2012] [19]http://tracertong. co. uk/ttf/2010/10/qr-code-test-for-wallpaper-download-to[accessed: 5 [accessed: 10 May iphone/ [accessed: 4 May 2012] Page | 14 How to cite Utilizing Qr Code Technology for Emr., Essay examples

Android App Detecting Mellow Fruits Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Android App Detecting Mellow Fruits. Answer: Introduction Bee Jeng Fruit Supply Pte Ltd has recently developed an app which can identify the mellow fruits using a phone camera and phone sensor (Zhang et al. 2014). The app even has the capability to calculate the time period for a fruit to mature. This report will highlight the Mellow Fruits app developed by Bee Jeng Fruit Supply Pte Ltd and its beneficial aspects. Hardware used Android phone is used as the hardware for this task. After developing an android app, it is necessary to test the app on the real device. Therefore, one needs to set up an Android phone device at first, one the phone device, one will have to go to Settings app, have to select Developer options, and then have to enable USB debugging (Developer.android.com 2017). On the windows, computer one will have to install OEM USB drivers so that it can recognise the phone device. After that, one will have to connect a computer with the android phone via a cable. To test the whole setup one will have to write code on the computer and have to run on phone device ( Developer.android.com 2017). Software used Language used- JAVA Tool used- SDK packages Platform used- Android Computer Platform used- Windows Backend used- SQLite server Software used- Android Studio Security Key- RSA key- it enables debugging through the computer; When one connects a device running Android to a computer, the computer system asks whether to accept the RSA key (Developer.android.com 2017). Interconnectivity The degree of mellowness of fruits is detected using some standardised process. This standardised process involves complex algorithms, processing of digital image and in this way the detailed characteristics of a particular fruit can be determined (Gomes-Junior, Arruda and Marcos-Filho 2017). The processing technique is fully wireless. For this task, the phone camera, the phone image sensor is used to retrieve the required information of a particular fruit. The processing of the digital image is done with the help of the app (Capizzi et al. 2015). The app uses the image processing procedure for the RGB framework that predicts the mellowness of the fruits step by step in details. The app also processes the image to control the lighting and the shadows of the fruits, this lighting and shadows come handy while the analysis of the fruit is made (Nguyen et al. 2014). Processing To detect the mellowness of fruits, Bee Jeng Fruit Supply Pte Ltd is following the following methods. At first, RGB inputs are taken of the given fruit (Gomes et al. 2015). Later RGB inputs are divided into R channels and B channels respectively, R and B channels are further divided into R mask and B mask respectively. After taking the R mask and B mask from the intervening masks, the intervening fruit area and intervening colour indices are analysed (Cubero et al. 2014). Lastly, the shadow area and the final mask are analysed and combined with the RGB inputs, in this way, final fruit area is obtained (Cubero et al. 2014). Thus, the mellowness of the fruits can be detected from the above process. A fruits image is taken at first and then through this vigorous process, the mellowness of fruits is checked. Budget for developing the app Cost 1.Human Resources 1.1.Developers SGD 4000 1.2.Testers SGD 1200 1.3.Managers SGD 1600 1.4.Content Writer SGD 600 2.Hardware cost 2.1.Device SGD 10000 2.2.Networking modules SGD 4000 3.Software Development 3.1.Planning SGD 750 3.2.Designing SGD 700 3.3.Development SGD 600 3.4.Implementation SGD 550 3.5.Testing SGD 1100 Total SGD 25100 Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discourse that Bee Jeng Fruit Supply Pte Ltd has done a fabulous job developing this android app, the app will not only detect the mellowness of the fruit, it will also sense the time required for a fruit to mature. With the advent of this app, the industries especially the fruit industries have been greatly benefitted, the companies can now increase their productivity. It is a nice app and is improving day by day. Bee Jeng Fruit Supply Pte Ltd is trying to add some extra features to the app so that it can be able to detect mellowness of all kinds of fruits available. References Capizzi, G., Sciuto, G.L., Napoli, C., Tramontana, E. and Wo?niak, M., 2015, September. Automatic classification of fruit defects based on co-occurrence matrix and neural networks. InComputer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS), 2015 Federated Conference on(pp. 861-867). IEEE. Cubero, S., Aleixos, N., Albert, F., Torregrosa, A., Ortiz, C., Garca-Navarrete, O. and Blasco, J., 2014. Optimised computer vision system for automatic pre-grading of citrus fruit in the field using a mobile platform.Precision agriculture,15(1), pp.80-94. Developer.android.com. (2017).Android Developers. [online] Available at: https://developer.android.com/index.html [Accessed 20 Jul. 2017]. Gomes, J.F.S., de Oliveira Baldner, F., Costa, P.B. and Leta, F.R., 2015. Colorimetry and Computer Vision for Color Characterization by Image, Applied to Integrated Fruit Production. In17th International Congress of Metrology(p. 11004). EDP Sciences. Gomes-Junior, F.G., Arruda, N. and Marcos-Filho, J., 2017. Swingle citrumelo seed vigor and storability associated with fruit maturity classes based on RGB parameters.Scientia Agricola,74(5), pp.357-363. Nguyen, T.T., Vandevoorde, K., Kayacan, E., De Baerdemaeker, J. and Saeys, W., 2014, July. Apple detection algorithm for robotic harvesting using a RGB-D camera. InInternational Conference of Agricultural Engineering, Zurich, Switzerland. Wu, H., Huo, D., Jiang, H., Dong, L., Ma, Y., Hou, C., Fa, H., Yang, M., Luo, X., Li, J. and Shen, C., 2017. Highly Selective and Sensitive Colorimetric Sensor for Aminotriazole Residues in Vegetables and Fruits Using Glutathione Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles.Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,17(7), pp.4733-4739. Zhang, B., Huang, W., Li, J., Zhao, C., Fan, S., Wu, J. and Liu, C., 2014. Principles, developments and applications of computer vision for external quality inspection of fruits and vegetables: A review.Food Research International,62, pp.326-343.

Schizophrenia Essays (238 words) - Schizophrenia,

Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a serious brain disorder. It is a disease that makes it difficult for a person to tell the difference between real and unreal experiences, to think logically, to have normal emotional responses to other, and to behave normally in social situations. People with schizophrenia may also have difficulty in remembering, talking, and behaving appropriately. Schizophrenia is one of the most common mental illnesses. About 1% of the world population has schizophrenia. In the United States, there are about 2.5 million people with the disease. Schizophrenia is the cause of more hospitalizations than almost any other illness. Schizophrenia most commonly begins between the ages of 15 and 25. Although it strikes men and women equally, the symptoms may appear later in women than in men. Very rarely, the symptoms of schizophrenia can appear before the age of 12. Childhood schizophrenia has a more chronic disease course and involves poor early language development. People with schizophrenia can have a variety of symptoms. Sometimes, these symptoms come on suddenly. Usually, though, the illness develops slowly over months or even years. At first, the symptoms may not be noticed or may be confused with those of other conditions. For example, people with schizophrenia may feel tense, be unable to concentrate, or have trouble sleeping. They often become increasingly isolated and withdrawn as their grip on re ality loosens. They do not make or keep friends. They may stop caring Mythology

Definition and Discussion of Renaissance Rhetoric

Definition and Discussion of Renaissance Rhetoric Definition The expression Renaissance rhetoric refers to the  study and practice of rhetoric from approximately 1400 to 1650. Scholars generally agree that the rediscovery of numerous important manuscripts of classical rhetoric (including Ciceros De Oratore) marked the beginnings of Renaissance rhetoric in Europe. James Murphy notes that by the year 1500, only four decades after the advent of printing, the entire Ciceronian corpus was already available in print all over Europe (Peter Ramuss Attack on Cicero, 1992). During the  Renaissance, says Heinrich F. Plett, rhetoric was  not confined to a single human occupation but in fact comprised a broad range of theoretical and practical activities. . . .  The fields in which rhetoric played  a major part included scholarship, politics, education, philosophy, history, science, ideology, and literature (Rhetoric and Renaissance Culture, 2004). See the observations below. Also see: Copia What Is Rhetoric? Periods of Western Rhetoric Classical RhetoricMedieval RhetoricRenaissance RhetoricEnlightenment RhetoricNineteenth-Century Rhetoric New Rhetoric(s) Observations [D]uring the European Renaissancea period which, for convenience, I take as stretching from 1400 to 1700rhetoric attained its greatest preeminence, both in terms of range of influence and in value.(Brian Vickers, On the Practicalities of Renaissance Rhetoric. Rhetoric Revalued, ed. by Brian Vickers. Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 1982)Rhetoric and the renaissance are inextricably linked. The origins of the Italian revival of classical Latin are to be found among the teachers of rhetoric and letter-writing in northern Italian universities around 1300. In Paul Kristellers influential definition [in Renaissance Thoughts and Its Sources, 1979], rhetoric is one of the characteristics of renaissance humanism. Rhetoric appealed to the humanists because it trained pupils to use the full resources of the ancient languages, and because it offered a genuinely classical view of the nature of language and its effective use in the world. Between 1460 and 1620 more than 800 editions o f classical rhetoric texts were printed all over Europe. Thousands of new rhetoric books were written, from Scotland and Spain to Sweden and Poland, mostly in Latin, but also in Dutch, English, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Spanish, and Welsh. . . .The classical texts studied and the writing exercises undertaken at the Elizabethan grammar school show considerable continuity with their medieval forbears, and some differences in approach and in the writing textbooks employed. The most important changes brought about during the renaissance were the result of two centuries of development rather than of a sudden break with the past.(Peter Mack, A History of Renaissance Rhetoric 1380-1620. Oxford University Press, 2011) The Range of Renaissance Rhetoric[R]hetoric regained an importance in the time span from about the middle of the fourteenth to about the middle of the seventeenth century, which it did not possess before or after. . . . In the eyes of the humanists, rhetoric is equivalent to culture as such, the perennial and substantial essence of man, his greatest ontological privilege. Renaissance rhetoric was, however, not confined to the cultural elite of the humanists but became a substantial factor of a broad cultural movement which had great impact on the educational system of the humanities and encompassed increasingly more social groups and strata. It was not limited to Italy, from whence it took its origin, but spread to northern, western and eastern Europe and from there to the overseas colonies in North and Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania.(Heinrich F. Plett, Rhetoric and Renaissance Culture. Walter de Gruyter, 2004) Women and Renaissance RhetoricWomen were more likely to have a ccess to education during the Renaissance than at earlier periods in Western history, and one of the subjects they would have studied was rhetoric. However, womens access to education, and especially the social mobility such education afforded women, should not be overstated. . . .For women to have been excluded from the domain of rhetorical theory . . . constituted a serious limitation on their participation in shaping the art. Nevertheless, women were instrumental in moving rhetorical practice in a more conversational and dialogic direction.(James A. Herrick, The History and Theory of Rhetoric, 3rd ed. Pearson, 2005) English Rhetorics of the Sixteenth CenturyBy the mid-sixteenth century, practical handbooks of rhetoric began to appear in English. That such works were written is an indication that some English schoolmasters for the first time recognized a need to train students in the composition and appreciation of English. . . . The new English rhetorics were derivative, based on continental sources, and their main interest today is that collectively they show how rhetoric was taught when the great writers of the Elizabethan Age, including Shakespeare, were young students. . . .The first full-scale English rhetoric book was Thomas Wilsons Arte of Rhetorique, eight editions of which were published between 1553 and 1585. . . .Wilsons Arte of Rhetorique is not a textbook for use in school. He wrote for people like himself: young adults entering public life or the law or the church, for whom he sought to provide a better understanding of rhetoric than they were likely to get from their grammar scho ol studies and at the same time to impart some of the ethical values of classical literature and the moral values of the Christian faith.(George Kennedy, Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition, 2nd ed. University of North Carolina Press, 1999) Peter Ramus and the Decline of Renaissance RhetoricThe decline of rhetoric as an academic discipline was due at least in part to [the] emasculation of the ancient art [by French logician Peter Ramus, 1515-1572]. . . .Rhetoric was henceforth to be a handmaiden of logic, which would be the source of discovery and arrangement. The art of rhetoric would simply dress that material in ornate language and teach orators when to raise their voices and extend their arms to the audience. To add insult to injury, rhetoric also lost control of the art of memory. . . .Ramist method worked to abbreviate the study of logic as well as that of rhetoric. The law of justice allowed Ramus to remove the subject of sophistry from the study of logic, since the arts of deception had no place in the art of truth. It allowed him to eliminate the Topics as well, which Aristotle had intended to teach the source of arguments on matters of opinion.(James Veazie Skalnik, Ramus and Reform: University and Church at the End of the Renaissance. Truman State University Press, 2002)

How to Prove the Complement Rule in Probability

How to Prove the Complement Rule in Probability Several theorems in probability can be deduced from the axioms of probability. These theorems can be applied to calculate probabilities that we may desire to know. One such result is known as the complement rule. This statement allows us to calculate the probability of an event A by knowing the probability of the complement AC. After stating the complement rule, we will see how this result can be proved. The Complement Rule The complement of the event A is denoted by AC. The complement of A is the set of all elements in the universal set, or sample space S, that are not elements of the set A. The complement rule is expressed by the following equation: P(AC) 1 – P(A) Here we see that the probability of an event and the probability of its complement must sum to 1. Proof of the Complement Rule To prove the complement rule, we begin with the axioms of probability. These statements are assumed without proof. We will see that they can be systematically used to prove our statement concerning the probability of the complement of an event. The first axiom of probability is that the probability of any event is a nonnegative real number.The second axiom of probability is that the probability of the entire sample space S is one. Symbolically we write P(S) 1.The third axiom of probability states that If A and B are mutually exclusive ( meaning that they have an empty intersection), then we state the probability of the union of these events as P(A U B ) P(A) P(B). For the complement rule, we will not need to use the first axiom in the list above. To prove our statement we consider the events Aand AC. From set theory, we know that these two sets have empty intersection. This is because an element cannot simultaneously be in both A and not in A. Since there is an empty intersection, these two sets are mutually exclusive. The union of the two events A and AC are also important. These constitute exhaustive events, meaning that the union of these events is all of the sample space S. These facts, combined with the axioms give us the equation 1 P(S) P(A U AC) P(A) P(AC) . The first equality is due to the second probability axiom. The second equality is because the events A and AC are exhaustive. The third equality is because of the third probability axiom. The above equation can be rearranged into the form that we stated above. All that we must do is subtract the probability of A from both sides of the equation. Thus 1 P(A) P(AC) becomes the equation P(AC) 1 – P(A). Of course, we could also express the rule by stating that: P(A) 1 – P(AC). All three of these equations are equivalent ways of saying the same thing. We see from this proof how just two axioms and some set theory go a long way to help us prove new statements concerning probability.

MPH503 - Infertility and Public Health Module 1 - SLP Essay

MPH503 - Infertility and Public Health Module 1 - SLP - Essay Example ay, infertility is a global problem and â€Å"It is estimated that one in six couples face difficulties in conceiving† (Major causes of infertility, 2009, para.1). The major cause of infertility among men is due to the tube blockage or any obstructions in the tubes which take the sperm, problems with the sperms like low sperm counts, inability of the sperm to move through the tube and an abnormal shape of the sperm and sperm allergy which means the immune reactions of the sperm. Infertility among females is because of some of the factors like growing of uterus lining to the outside of the uterus, ovulation problems, female tube blockage and developing chromosomal abnormality by way of damaging eggs. There are three ways to treat infertility and they are intake of medicine, conducting surgery and doing artificial insemination. It is found that the treatment is very effective among many couples. Northern California fertility Medical Center provides In Vitro Fertilization and Vasectomy Reversal and Infertility Treatment for the people who are inflicted with infertility throughout the world. In Vitro Fertilization which is â€Å"known as assisted reproductive technology, or ART, the ability of physicians to retrieve mature eggs from a woman’s ovaries and fertilize them outside of the body before returning them to the uterus has made it possible to overcome many causes of infertility.† (Assisted reproductive technologies: In vitro fertilization, 2008, para.1). It is the fertilization in glass and it has a number of stages in this process like ovulation induction, egg retrieval, fertilization and embryo placement. Washington State Nursing Association is an organization dedicated to provide quality nursing practice and education and in the treatment of infertility it also uses reproductive technology to meet the needs of the patients all over the world. West Texas Physicians Assistant Association and Alaska Midwife Association are very distinguished associations for

Naccobus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Naccobus - Essay Example The sources will be picked from the list that has been used in the provided study. Each source will be analyzed separately and the reason why it was important to use it will also be given and how it helped in making the paper complete. Sher is this is one of the most important sources that have been used in this study. This source has been used throughout the study to provide concrete information on Nacobbus. Sher gives the required information about the Genus Nacobbus (222-227). According to this source the genus contains only two valid species which are indicated to be the Nacobbus dorsalis and N. aberrans. This source goes ahead to state where these two species are normally found. It indicates that N. aberrans is normally an important parasite of various vegetables like beans, chili, tomatoes and pepper. Further into the study, Sher has been extensively used to give information on variability that has been seen in Nacobbus (222-227). The source has been used to give information on morphological characteristic of N. aberrans. It reveals the various ranges of morphometrics of N. aberrans from various geographical locations in the world, thereby helping in understanding the various characteristics of the organism being studied. The reason why Sher is considered one of the important sources that has been used is the amount of information that has been obtained from this source on the characteristics and morphology of N. aberrans. The second source that has been considered among the 10 most important sources in this study is Thorne (1949). Thorne is talking about the new classification of the Tylenchida. It is one the proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington. This source has been used to give information on various discoveries that were made on Nacobbus in different regions of the world. The source has been used to give information on taxonomy of Nacobbus (Thorne 57).

Soldiers and civilians alike Essay Example for Free

Soldiers and civilians alike Essay This essay will consider a poem and an extract from two different authors, each writing about events in the First and Second World Wars The first piece to be considered is a poem called Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen. In this poem, Owen describes the atrocities of war by describing a group if men returning from the front line, experiencing a gas attack in which one of them dies and then goes on the address the people back at home and ask them whether war is actually as noble and as glorious as it is made to be. Owen portrays the soldiers by using similes and metaphors. In lines 1 and 2, Owen uses words like: Old beggars and Hags to give a visual description of the soldiers walking back from the front line. This shows how young soldiers have aged though the hardships of war. They have been reduced from proud and strong young men in the prime of their lives to old beggars literally the lowest of the low. They are bent double not only by the heavy equipment they are carrying (the average soldier in WW1 used to regularly carry weights in excess of) but also by the experience of war itself. Own goes on to describe how they were trudging, not walking or marching but that they cursed through sludge. Cursed is not actually a word to describe movement but shows how every yard of the way brought obscenities to the lips of these men who have had enough of the appalling conditions. The phrase An ecstasy of fumbling is an unusual one. Typically used in association with joy, it is possible Owen used the word ecstasy to portray the adrenalin rush caused by the panic of the gas attack. It is as almost as if the soldiers. Own the goes on to describe how one man dies. In recalling this scene, he uses the phrase: In all my dreams before my helpless sight. This and an earlier reference to Haunting flares, suggests that Own suffered from nightmares in consequence of war. Own uses very graphic and disturbing imagery in lines 17-24, describing how the man dies under the gas attack. For example, As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. and He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning. These quotes tell us that the narrator sees the man suffering at the peril of the gas; he refers to the gas as a green sea, and describes the man drowning. In the last few lines of the poem, Own sends a very clear message that death in war is not, as is often described, glorious or honourable but is in fact gruesome and ghastly, scarring to those who witness it.

Racial Discrimination and Disparity in the United States Justice System

Introduction The issue of racial disparity in the criminal justice system has been a longstanding debate in this county. According to Tonry (as cited in Cole & Gertz, 2013) African Americans make up to 50% of the prison population but are only 12 % of the total United States population. Bobo and Thompson (2006) stated that Hispanics make up to 18 % of the prison population but are only 14 % of the total United States Population, while Caucasians make up to 75 % of the total population and are only 35 % of the prison population in American. (Coker,2003) supports Cole and Gertz and states that African Americans make up to half of the prison population while only accounting for 12 % of the population in the United States. According to NACP statistics (http://www.naacp.org/pages/criminal-justice-fact-sheet) African American and Hispanics make up 58% of all prisoners even though African Americans and Hispanics make up 25 % of the United States population. According to Hurwitz and Peffley (2010) Cauca sian men older than 18 have a 1 in 106 chance of being imprisoned, while in comparison to a 1 in 16 chance of being imprisoned for African American men in the same age range. According to (Coker,2003) estimated that 28 % of African Americans will be incarcerated at one point in their lifetimes. Small (2001) stated that one out of three African Americans in their twenties are either in jail, prison, on probation, or parole. Small (2001) stated that although African Americans make up 13 % of all drug users in America, they are 35 % of the people arrested for drug possession and 55 % of the people convicted for drug possession. According to Small (2001) African American men are sent to prison for drug offenses at rate 20%-57% times great... ... Criminal Justice: How Much Is Too Much? Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 100(3), 903-932. Engel, R.S., & Calnon, J. M. (2004). Examining The Influence Of Drivers' Characteristics During Traffic Stops With Police: Results From A National Survey. Justice Quarterly: JQ, 21(1), 49-90. Hurwitz, J., & Peffley, M. (2010). And justice for some: Race, crime, and punishment in the US criminal justice system. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 43(2), 457-479. Nation Association for The Advancement of Color People. Criminal Justice fact sheet. Retrieved from http://www.naacp.org/pages/criminal-justice-fact-sheet Small, D.( 2001) The war on drugs is a war on racial justice. Social research, 68(3) 896-902. The Bureau of Justice Statistics. Thomsen, F. (2011). The Art of the Unseen: Three challenges for Racial Profiling. Journal Of Ethics, 15(1/2), 89-117.

An Analysis of the Eight Fold Path of Buddhism

The Eightfold Path is a way that leads to the stopping of suffering and the achievement of self awakening. This instrument was brought forth through the teachings of the Buddha, Gautama Buddha. He taught his disciples how to follow this path how he did, so they may have self awakening and liberation. The eight steps in the Eightfold Path are as follows: Right belief, Right purpose, Right speech, Right conduct, Right livelihood, Right effort, Right mindfulness, and Right meditation or concentration. In Buddha’s time, if a potential Arahat strayed from the Eightfold Path or the Four Noble Truths, he would have to confess his sin or sins to the public. They followed it very strictly and took it very seriously for they wanted to be able to reach Nirvana. Nirvana is â€Å"the unconditioned state of liberation, release from the cycle of rebirth-redeath† (Noss, 2008, 2003: 185). In present time, we live in a very fast-paced, high-stress environment. I wonder if a present day Buddhist would be able to live life in accordance with the Eightfold Path. The first step in the Eightfold Path is Right belief. The Right belief can also be translated as â€Å"right perspective†, â€Å"right vision† or â€Å"right understanding†. It is the right way of looking at life, nature and the world as they really are. It acts as the reasoning for the practitioner to start practicing the path. It gives direction and efficacy to the other seven path factors (Encyclopedia, Aug. 2006). Another way of looking at the Right belief phrased in a contemporary form is: First you must see clearly what is wrong (Soccio, 2007: 51). The second step is Right purpose. In this step, the Arahat should constantly try to succeed at ridding themselves of whatever qualities that they know are wrong and immoral. Correct understanding of Right purpose will help the Arahat to distinguish the differences between right intention and wrong intention (Encyclopedia, Aug. 2006). A contemporary definition of Right purpose is: Next you must decide that you want to be cured (Soccio, 2007: 51). The third and fourth step, which are I found have been lumped together in all of my reading, Right speech and Right conduct. One must love all creatures with the right sort of love in word and deed (Noss, 2008: 182). When practicing steps three and four, Arahat’s must make good use of their words and train themselves to not bring harm to themselves or to others. You must act and speak so as to aim at being cured is a contemporary form on steps three and four (Soccio, 2007: 51). Right means of livelihood is the fifth step of the Eightfold Path. In this step, the Arahat’s are not to participate in occupations that can cause harm to human beings. This would include occupations that deal with weapons, the buying or selling of sex, killing animals to sell as food, and making or selling alcohol. Historian and philosopher, Gerald Heard, modified this step into a contemporary version meaning: Your livelihood must not conflict with your therapy (Soccio, 2007: 51). Right effort is the sixth step. In this step, the Saints should make a die hard effort to desert all the wrong and harmful thoughts, words, and deeds they might have. Instead they should be persevering in coming up with thoughts, words, and deeds that would be good and helpful to others and themselves (Encyclopedia, Aug. 2006). â€Å"That therapy must go forward at the â€Å"staying speed†, that is, the critical velocity† (Soccio, 2007: 51). The seventh and eighth final steps of the Eightfold Path are Right mindfulness and Right meditation or concentration. In these steps, the Arahat’s should constantly keep their mind alert to developments as they are affecting the body and mind. They should be aware and careful, making sure not to act or speak through the power of carelessness or forgetfulness. During the practice of right concentration, the practitioner will need to investigate and verify their right view; in the process right knowledge will arise and then followed by right liberation (Encyclopedia, Aug. 2006). The contemporary definition of these steps is: You must think about it incessantly and learn how to contemplate with the deep mind (Soccio, 2007: 51). Now having listed and clearly defined what each step is, I have concluded that it would be impossible for a present day Buddhist to live a life in accordance with the Eightfold Path. Even the most open-minded person would still fail at one or more of these steps. Following the Eightfold Path in today’s society would make it pretty much impossible for a person to be a productive member of the community. Just look at how choosing a college major would be affected by following the Path. If someone aspired to be a Police Officer, the Eightfold Path would prevent that due to the possibility of taking a human life. Or if a present day Buddhist wanted to become a lawyer, that would be halted since the Right Speech prohibits one from speaking in any sort of abusive or divisive manner. No one would be able to properly argue their point of view. In today’s electronic driven, media everywhere, fast-paced world I don’t see how the Eightfold Path could be a successful practice to a contemporary Buddhist. It is a very strict instrument to follow for the Path of Nirvana and I believe that at least one or more steps would be broken even by the most devout Buddhist.

James Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues Essay

In James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† the unsaid brotherly relationship amongst the speaker and his younger brother Sonny is illustrated throughout the narrator’s point of view. The two brothers have not spoken in time until the narrator receives a note from Sonny following his daughter’s death. He takes this moment as a vital indication from Sonny and feels the need to act in response. Despite the fact that both Sonny and the narrator reside in separate worlds, all Sonny desires is a brother to care for him while the narrator finds himself in the past, ultimately learning his responsibility as an older brother. The speaker and Sonny at last get a chance to have a word with each other following many years, they begin to gradually open up to each other the dismal reality that they faced. ’But there’s no way not to suffer–is there Sonny?’ ‘I believe not,’ he said and smiled, ‘but that’s never st opped anyone from trying.’ He looked at me. ‘Has it?’ I realized, with this mocking look, that there stood between us, forever, beyond the power of time of forgiveness, the fact that I had held silence†¦. so long! — When he had needed human speech to help him. (848) The narrator realizes that it was his responsibility to be at hand for his younger brother for all the years that Sonny looked for him, even if it was just to talk or listen. He doesn’t know if Sonny will be capable of forgiving him, or if too much time has passed to be any forgiveness. Even though the narrator is there for his brother now, he could have been an authority figure to him for his entire life, just as any brother should be. The two characters come to the appreciation that they do share a brotherly acquaintance, and that the narrator cares immensely for his brother, even after all the time of detachment. The narrator says, â€Å"I don’t give a damn what other people do, I don’t even care how they suffer. I just care how you suffer.’ And he looked at me, ‘Please believe me,’ I said, ‘I don’t want to see you–die–trying not to suffer†(848). He knows his brother has a drug addiction, but he does not de sire to witness him give up without a fight. He cares about his brother, which is what Sonny has desired all this time, an elder brother to tell him that he ought to not give up, that he must make smart decisions and make something of himself. Sonny’s brother is trying to make up for all the time apart from Sonny during his time of need. This will be his way of making himself feel better for abandoning his younger brother countless years beforehand. Sonny has had trouble with drugs for some time, which leads him having to serve a prison term. Sonny’s brother tries to stay unaware, which is part of the reason he turned his back on his younger brother for numerous years. â€Å"I couldn’t believe it: but what I mean by that is that I couldn’t find any room for it anywhere inside of me. I had kept it outside me for a long time. I hadn’t wanted to know. I had had suspicions, but I didn’t name them, I kept putting them away†(831). The way that he dealt with his younger brother’s problems was by turning his back on them. He knew that Sonny was dealing with heavy problems, but chose to look past them and live his own life. He also knows that leaving his brother during the time he needed him the most was wrong of him to do. The narrator goes on to say, â€Å"I didn’t wa nt to believe that I’d ever see my brother going down, coming to nothing, all that light in his face gone out, in the condition I’d already seen so many others†(831). The narrator has seen many kids around him in Harlem that went down the wrong road, but tried to convince himself that that would never happen to his brother. He was never there to steer him in the right direction, which could have possibly lead Sonny past drugs and jail, and onto a promising future. He knows that Sonny lives in a place where many kids make bad decisions with drugs and crime, but by turning his back on Sonny he was never there to protect him like an older brother should. Sonny tells the narrator that he has always had a dream of becoming a musician. As a natural instinct, the narrator objects by saying that he should finish school first. This important part in the story shows dialog from a protective older brother, a brother that Sonny has never had the chance to have in his life before and desperately needs now more than ever. ‘Sonny.’ I said, ‘I know how you feel. But if you don’t finish school now, you’re going to be sorry later th at you didn’t.’ I grabbed him by the shoulders. ‘And you only got another year. It isn’t so bad. And I’ll comeback and I swear I’ll help you do whatever you want to do. Just try to put up with it till I come back, Will you please do that? For me? (843). The narrator is finally coming to his senses; he knows that his younger brother needs him to be a role model and guide to set his life in the right path. The moment the narrator finally remembers that Sonny is a person who should be an important part of his life, not just a past memory, was the moment he saw a story in the newspaper about Sonny being arrested for peddling and using heroin. â€Å"Then perhaps I just started at it, at the newsprint spelling out his name, spelling out the story.† He goes on to say, â€Å"And at the same time I couldn’t doubt it. I was scared, scared for Sonny. He became real to me again†(830). This turning point in the narrator’s life is a crucial aspect of the story because it is the moment when he remembers his past, and the fact that his younger brother is dealing with serious problems. The reality of the imperfections of the world, especially the dangers of his hometown of Harlem come back to haunt him. He has put his pas t behind him for so many years that the reality of his brother being arrested for drugs to him is like â€Å"great block of ice got settled in my belly and kept melting there slowly all day long†(831). He began wondering what Sonny looked like, and if he still had his bright face. Although he does not respond to his brother right away, this moment strikes the beginning of the narrator’s memory of his younger brother. Harlem plays a major role in the narrator’s life and his relationship with Sonny because it is where they were both born and raised. It is not the best neighborhood for children to grow up in, which is associated with the reasons for Sonny’s poor decisions. â€Å"All this was carrying me some place I didn’t want to go. I certainly didn’t want to know how it felt. It filled everything, the people, the houses, the music, the dark, the quicksilver barmaid, with menace; and this menace was their reality†(833). The narrator realizes that Harlem is a main reason for why Sonny is going through such struggles. He does not want to go back and face his past life. He brings Sonny into his house, which reminds him of the house in which the y grew up in. â€Å"The same things happen, they’ll have the same things to remember. The moment Sonny and I started into the house I had the feeling that I was simply bringing him back into the danger he had almost died trying to escape†(836). The narrator is acting like the protective older brother that he should have been all along. After the narrator’s daughter dies he receives a condolence letter from Sonny, which leads him to keep in touch with him as often as possible and eventually see him. â€Å"When I saw him many things I thought I had forgotten came flooding back to me.† He goes on to say, â€Å"He looked very unlike my baby brother. Yet, when he smiled, when we shook hands, the baby brother I’d never known looked out from the depths of his private life, like an animal waiting to be coaxed into the light†(835). The narrator describes Sonny as somebody he has never known. All the years apart has turned the two brothers into complete strangers. This moment between the two men is very important to the central theme of the story, which is the importance of a bond between brothers. Throughout the story, the narrator learns how important it is to Sonny for him to care and listen to him. Sonny is vulnerable and in a state where he is getting into trouble with drugs and alcohol perhaps because he feels as though no one cares enough to help him. The narrator lives his life as a teacher while Sonny spends his days using drugs hoping someday to pursue his dreams of music. Both characters end up in a place they are meant to be; acting as family and leaning on each other for support, which is the true importance of an older brother.

Women and Labor in Early America

Women and Labor in Early America Working in the Home From the late colonial period through the American Revolution, womens work usually centered on the home, but romanticizing this role as the Domestic Sphere came in the early 19th century. During much of the colonial period, the birth rate was high: soon after the time of the American Revolution it was still about seven children per mother. In early America among the colonists, the work of a wife was often alongside her husband, running a household, farm or plantation. Cooking for the household took a major part of a womans time. Making garments - spinning yarn, weaving cloth, sewing and mending clothes - also took much time. Slaves and Servants Other women worked as servants or were enslaved.  Some European women came as indentured servants, required so serve for a certain amount of time before having independence.  Women who were enslaved, captured from Africa or born to slave mothers, often did the same work that the men did, in the home or in the field. Some work was skilled labor, but much was unskilled field labor or in the household. Early in colonial history, Native Americans were also sometimes enslaved. Division of Labor by Gender In the typical white home in 18th century America, most of which were engaged in agriculture, the men were responsible for agricultural labor and the women for domestic chores, including cooking, cleaning, spinning yarn, weaving and sewing cloth, care of the animals that lived near the house, care of the gardens, in addition to their work caring for the children. Women participated in mens work at times. At harvest time, it was not unusual for women to also work in the fields. When husbands were away on long journeys, the wives usually took over the farm management. Women Outside Marriage Unmarried women, or divorced women without property, might work in another household, helping out with household chores of the wife or substituting for the wife if there was not one in the family. (Widows and widowers tended to remarry very quickly, though.)  Some unmarried or widowed women ran schools or taught in them, or worked as governesses for other families. Women in the Cities In cities, where families owned shops or worked in trades, the women often took care of domestic chores including raising children, preparing food, cleaning, taking care of small animals and house gardens, and preparing clothing. They also often worked alongside their husbands, assisting with some tasks in the shop or business, or taking care of customers. Women could not keep their own wages, so many of the records that might tell us more about womens work just dont exist. Many women, especially but not only widows, owned businesses. Women worked as apothecaries, barbers, blacksmiths, sextons, printers, tavern keepers and midwives. During the Revolution During the American Revolution, many women in colonial families participated in boycotting British goods, which meant more home manufacture to replace those items.  When men were at war, the women and children had to do the chores that would usually have been done by the men. After the Revolution After the Revolution and into the early 19th century, higher expectations for educating the children fell, often, to the mother. Widows and the wives of men off to war or traveling on business often ran large farms and plantations pretty much as the sole managers. Beginnings of Industrialization In the 1840s and 1850s, as the Industrial Revolution and factory labor took hold in the United States, more women went to work outside the home. By 1840, ten percent of women held jobs outside the household; ten years later, this had risen to fifteen percent. Factory owners hired women and children when they could, because they could pay lower wages to women and children than to men. For some tasks, like sewing, women were preferred because they had training and experience, and the jobs were womens work. The sewing machine was not introduced into the factory system until the 1830s; before that, sewing was done by hand. Factory work by women led to some of the first labor union organizing involving women workers, including when the Lowell girls organized (workers in the Lowell mills).

Business Development Report Ikea pany †Free Samples

The IKEA pany was started in 1943 and started selling furniture in 1956. By 2007, the pany had already opened up different stores for its products in the various countries. The IKEA pany is based in Netherland and creates products regarding furniture and home appliances to make life at home better. Offering a full range of products with affordable prices and a better life for people is the vision of the pany. This is a pany that earns its money even before they spend it because of the make use of their resources and hence able to make future investments. IKEA offers quality products to people at fair prices, and they believe that, when people grow due to using the pany's products, the pany itself grows too. It has many locations globally that supply the furniture and home appliances to different parts of the world (Drzazga, 2014). The pany has also included the selling of houses and flats so as to reduce prices for the first time buyers. The IKEA products and furniture usually designed in Sweden but mostly manufactured in developed countries so as to cut costs whereby the final assembly is done by the consumers (Edvardsson & Enquist, 2011). Some of the IKEA petitors include; the Babyage that sells innovative products to make babies live richer and parents live easier. SHOP.CA sells online millions of goods across the world which include clothing, electronics, furniture, home appliances, jewelry, toys, video games, musical instruments and many other products. Move Loot is another petitor which is the easiest way to buy and sell online which include pick-up and delivery (Rask, 2014). The IKEA has different management styles which it applies in their operations such as autocracy style, democracy, laisse- fair, and lastly paternalistic management style. The world is changing globally because of the current technology, IKEA pany has been facing different challenges in the busy world because some markets, especially in USA stores, are located mainly in urban areas, and this has made the shopping to be difficult because people have busy schedules and the stores are not within their reach. Electronic shopping is an innovation that the pany is looking forward to developing even though they opted for Facebook and Twitter but it did not work, and hence they saw the opportunity to implement the e- shopping which is a digital marketing  (Drzazga, 2014). Electronic shopping is whereby people can buy and sell goods and services from a seller over the internet. People usually find the product or the service by searching in the website which displays its items online and then orders for delivery. Earlier this year, the IKEA pany was announced to launch an online shop for the customers in the Czech Republic whereby local consumers can be able to order the products online  (Hassan, Sistani, & Raju, 2014) The electronic shopping is important because it allows for peace of mind because there are secure payments that are done online. People can track their order and then select the necessary date for collection of their items. After the online shopping, the shoppers will have access to the online shopping experience. Also, online shopping leads to opening of many stores and outlets and pick up points for the online orders which are made accessible to customers at different destinations. This is a business model innovation that is used to describe the current business or future business model. This model contains questions that act as guidelines for the designing process of the business model  (Massa, 2013). The IKEA business model canvas is made up of harvesters, manufacturing firms, transport firms, delivery panies and the outfitting firms. Their aim is to design modular furniture, manufacture modular furniture, advertise and market and offer after sale services to its customers. They offer affordable and cheap home products to their clients; it's easy to assemble and transport the furniture and their experience to their clients on childcare on site, dining options and also the whole family experience. To their family, IKEA offers exclusive discounts, and for loyalty, the storage is in low costs assembling, and delivery is for free. The customer segments include the cost-conscious consumers, college students, and small businesses. The key resources are infrastructure regarding megastores, actual furniture, trucks, lifting equipment, tools and skilled personnel regarding labor. The channels for transportation are superstores, catalogs, family email subscriptions and IKEA stores website. The cost structure includes the raw material costs, manufacturing costs, advertising costs, labor costs and transportation costs. The revenue streams are the furniture sales, food sales at the restaurant, service fees through delivery and assemble and accessories sale through yarn, tools and towing equipment. The goal of the IKEA business model is to create value within the industry of home furnishing  (Euchner & Ganguly, 2014). In the past decade, people could not afford the best quality furniture because of their budget and the pany saw this need and created a variety of furniture with different sizes, culture and also prices. The pany usually focus on the customer by shortening the distance between the creation of the product and its selling point. And this often lowers the costs of the products. The pany does this by looking at the customers' needs, and this gives the information about the consumer and by doing this, they use this information to design the furniture that the client needs considering the space requirement. Different customers face different challenges regarding i e, and this makes the pany use low prices that the people can afford according to their i es. The pany looks at the tastes and preferences of the consumers so as to design the products that suit those prefer ences.   By doing this, better materials are used and useful techniques used. The model usually believes in the personal touch as pared to the name of the pany which was named after its founder, the village and the farm where he lived. The value of the enterprise is to have the customers assemble their furniture at home. The furniture is packaged in the way that is easier to transport with instructions on how to put them in place. The IKEA model requires time to time updates meaning that the furniture is changed from time to time. It takes the information that they receive from their customers, identifies any need arising and then makes changes to the design where necessary. mon sense and hard work is emphasized in this model and gives people a chance to change a house into a real home. Even though the resources of the people are limited, the IKEA business model continues to pay dividends to the people. The service by the name click and collect, many people have been able to select the items of interest online, pay through the credit cards and then have their orders shipped to their areas. The IKEA customers have demanded to make online buying, and the pany is happy because it has met peoples' desires. Online payments have been made even though in the first week after it was launched, people needed to pick their goods from the stores (Hassan, Sistani, & Raju, 2014). People are now able to get their orders delivered up to their door with an additional cost which depends on the cost of goods to be delivered and the IKEA branch bought from. The e-shopping has helped people to have access to a variety of items as the goods are arranged in such a way that the pany needs to see what people want to buy. The IKEAs catalog is necessary because it shapes consumers' behavior as people use it to see all the products and get any information or ideas from home and hence use it to make online orders (Euchner & Ganguly, 2014). People use the augmented reality application to place their furniture at home, see how it looks and how it fits the space available. In Swedish, IKEA will launch its electronic shopping business in Shanghai and start selling its products online by the end of August. All the furniture, home appliances, and accessories will be sold online except food and green plants. With this new shopping, people will be able to login to the IKEA website and then buy items through the portal, but both the online and offline products will have same prices and categories. By shopping online, the customers will be able to decide whether the goods will be delivered to their door or pick them from the stores. It also enables people to choose from a variety of products that are available  (UDDENFELDT, 2014). The prices of transport and pick up are all the same for the people who order from the shop regardless of the weight of the items. IKEA pany uses the electronic shopping so as to have a unique experience for its customers which is associated with the ability to feel and touch the products. The technological changes have contribute d to the launch of electronic shopping, and it has created a better everyday life for so many people. The aim of the pany is to build on their expansion story and expand their online presence so as to have a good relationship with their customers all over the world with a shopping experience. Due to this launch, IKEA has conducted services allowing for purchases to take place with set delivery dates that fit customers' needs and convenience whereby secure payments are made through the credit cards. The pany has also launched an e merce shopping in Saudi Arabia whereby customers just click purchase items, and they are delivered to their doorsteps. The e merce is currently being practiced in selected areas, but soon it will cover the whole region of Saudi Arabia. A marketing manager of Saudi Arabia says that it has been the fastest growing e merce market in the Middle East and North Africa. By 2018, the pany is planning to launch a modernized full-fledged e merce business because they see the ‘click and collect’ service as being temporary. IKEA has also launched a home delivery and online shopping in Australia where customers will be able to order online and then collect in store or receive a home delivery. For this reason, IKEA should encourage people to buy flat packed furniture online. Online shopping includes many services like picking and delivery and also assembling hence making shopping from home possible and convenient  (Hassan, Sistani, & Raju, 2014). Further, the management of the pany should market the e-shopping innovation at both global and domestic level to gain as many customers as possible. Also, the pany should establish petitive strategies to withstand the petitive pressure posed by petitors in the market; this will help the pany gain a petitive edge against its rivals. Lastly, the human resource management of IKEA should recruit only the qualified personnel who have the right skills of providing excellent online shopping services to the customers. Technology impacts significantly on the success and performance of a firm. Most panies have invested broadly in sophisticated technologies in the provision of services and products. Electronic shopping benefits both the customers and the panies using the technique. Doing electronic shopping is the best with the changing of the technology because it saves time as people just order for items they need and they are brought within their reach with prearranged delivery and assembly services. Therefore, panies should employ the right resources and invest heavily in online shopping for this will help them get petitive and position themselves firmly in the market. Aversa, P., Haefliger, S., Rossi, A., & Baden-Fuller, C. (2015). From business model to business modeling: Modularity and manipulation. In  Business models and modeling  (pp. 151-185).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Baier, D., Rese, A., & Schreiber, S. (2015). Analyzing Online Reviews to Measure Augmented   Ã‚   Reality Acceptance at the Point of Sale: The Case of IKEA. In  Successful Technological    Integration for petitive Advantage in Retail Settings  (pp. 168-189). IGI Global. De Marchi, V., Di Maria, E., & Ponte, S. (2013). The greening of global value chains: Insights from the furniture industry. petition & Change,  17(4), 299-31 Drzazga, M. (2014). New Media in Marketing munication in Multichannel Retailing.  Studia Ekonomiczne, (205), 23-33. Edvardsson, B., & Enquist, B. (2011). The service excellence and innovation model: lessons   from IKEA and other service frontiers.  Total Quality Management & Business   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Excellence,  22(5), 535-551.   Euchner, J., & Ganguly, A. (2014). Business model innovation in practice.  Research Technology Management,  57(6), 33-39. Gassmann, O., Frankenberger, K., & Csik, M. (2014). Revolutionizing the business model. In  Management of the fuzzy front end of innovation  (pp. 89-97). Springer International Publishing. Hassan, S. M., Sistani, A. J., & Raju, R. S. (2014). Top Online Shopping E panies and their Strength and Weakness (SWOT).  Research Journal of Recent Sciences. ISSN,  2277, 2502. Jonsson, A., & Foss, N. J. (2011). International expansion through flexible replication: Learning from the internationalization experience of IKEA.  Journal of International Business Studies,  42(9), 1079-1102. Massa, L., & Tucci, C. L. (2013). Business model innovation.  The Oxford Handbook of Innovation Management, 420-441. Oboyanskiy, A., & Shuvalova, M. (2017). A concept of applications in the electronic merce market.  Journal of Economics and Social Sciences, (9), 8. Rask, M. (2014). Internationalization through business model innovation: In search of relevant design dimensions and elements.  Journal of International Entrepreneurship,  12(2), 146- 161 Rese, A., Schreiber, S., & Baier, D. (2014). Technology acceptance modeling of augmented reality at the point of sale: Can surveys be replaced by an analysis of online   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   reviews?.  Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,  21(5), 869-876. UDDENFELDT, J. (2014). How furniture shopping could change through Omni-channel retailing and the use of technology-based innovations. Urgal, B., Quintà ¡s, M. A., & Arà ©valo-Tomà ©, R. (2013). Knowledge resources and innovation performance: the mediation of innovation capability moderated by management mitment.  Technology Analysis & Strategic Management,  25(5), 543-565.8.

Early Childhood Ed. Observation Assignment Essay

Early Childhood Ed. Observation Assignment - Essay Example Depending on the group and the individual child the teacher needs to have a good learning environment applying the prerequisite skills to harness and enhance the abilities of the children. This paper looks at the different activities and behaviors that have been observed in one of the centers and critically analyses what the center needs to improve or change in order to develop their children better. This paper uses the Merchantile Kindacare facility in Boston where there I observed children from the age of 3 to five years for three hours from 10am to 1pm on Tuesday. I had to go to the staffroom and observe the children’s timetables where I found that the children had a similar program for most parts of the week except for Friday where they had to rest and get off the center early. The facility is located in a serene environment where there are few noises that come out of the neighboring areas. The center has made sure that industries and other forms of facilities that may cause disturbance are far away from the area (Otto, 2014). The center has also equipped their classrooms with sound proof equipments that are meant to shield the classroom from any form of noises from the outside environment. There are building blocks and also dressing up clothes that are evident in the playing ground and the interactions that the children are able to form. They look confident when handling these forms of playing tools and are fascinated by the colors. The building blocks are especially popular with the kids with each child wishing to make their own castle and mimic their own homes through the use of the blocks. The dramatic plays that are directed by the teachers are also very popular with the children as they are looking to be the best at the plays (Koralek, 2003). There are also a lot of games that the children are engaged in looking to be competitive and match the wits of their peers. The materials that the center is using are well organized with the setting

MIH548 - Theory Based Research - Mod 3 SLP Essay

MIH548 - Theory Based Research - Mod 3 SLP - Essay Example Also included are operational variables of BMI and waist circumference as well as physical activity and use of high energy foods (Pietilainany, Kapro, Rasomen, 2001). The variables that were operationalized were BMI, waist circumference, high energy food intake. They set an average BMI over the years of study per age group as well as waist circumference. The last studies of these groups of children were done when they reached the ages of 22-27 years old. Waist circumferences and high energy food intake were also defined along this continuum of study. One of the validity tests that they had to use here was the statistical conclusion validity and the reason for that is because there are many different variables being used. The most important variable to look at here is the use of twin to measure genetic effects on activity and obesity. All of the genetic backgrounds were traced and these twins did meet all of the criteria for a valid study showing that the statistical results were appropriate given the causal nature of the genetic part of the study (Burns & Grove, 2007). Internal validity is about whether this is real world testing and in this case it certainly is as there are definitely real world issues for twins like any other child as far as developing or not developing obesity. Extraneous validity is important also and these children were allowed to live their normal lives with each of the parameters that might affect them tracked and then checked again over the years. In other words it was not set up that one twin would be sedentary while the other was active leading to one that was obese and one that was not. They lived their usual lives and if one was obese, it was determined by the real lifestyle that child led. Mustelin L, Silventoinen K, Pietalainen K. (2009) Physical activity reduces the influence of genetic effects on BMI

Public health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public health - Essay Example As such, they must also be addressed on a regional level and it appropriately becomes the function of the government to take adequate measures to control the outbreak of infectious diseases. The utility of such integrated approached have been demonstrated many time before. The reduction of typhoid incidences in nineteenth century France have been attributed to improved sanitation facilities (Woods, 2003), and the prolonged vector breeding and parasite transmission reduction programs have been responsible for the remarkable reduction of malaria in South America, Central America and many Asian countries. Johansson and Mosk (1997) have detailed the impact of public health interventions on adult mortality rates in Japan. The choice of India for the evaluation of it’s communicate disease and emergency control facilities is justified both by the size of her population as well as the emerging role that she is destined to play in the socio political activities of the future. India is endowed with immense resources – mineral, natural, cultural as well as in terms of trained and untrained manpower. The administrative capacity of Indian Government is considerable. Within a span of fifty years from her Independence, the nation has exponentiated its agricultural production, dampened surging growth rates and successfully withstood massive famines. The reach of the bureaucracy spans the entire subcontinent from where it effectively collects revenues, conducts the largest democratic elections in the world and through periodic census creates an immense pool of statistical data. Indian pharmacology, medicine and information processing skills have already attracted the attention of the world. . Its b asic public health infrastructure (laboratories, clinics etc) has been successful at carrying out complicated development programs requiring a high level of coordination and outreach-such as increasing agricultural production

Problems of Organisational Research

Problems of Organisational Research EVIDENCE AND THE PROBLEM OF ORGANISATIONAL RESEARCH. Research is a process that people go through in order to find out answers to questions in a systematic way, which will then increase their knowledge (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2005) in Saunders et al (2007). The purpose of this review essay is to critically discuss evidence and the problem of organizational research, using four academic articles. This review will amongst other things, try to outline the debate on possible approaches to business research, look at the arguments for evidence based research and give an explanation of the problems identified with this approaches. The first article under review is by M. Saunders, P. Lewis and E. Thornhill, (2007) titled ‘The nature of business and management research, taken from their Research Methods for Business Students. This article discusses the debates on the status of business and management research. One popular aspect of this debate is on the ‘transdisciplinary nature of management research. This is a situation whereby knowledge from different disciplines helps management research in no small measure to advance, which otherwise cannot be gotten from the disciplines separately. Another debate arising from this article is ‘that research should complete a virtuous circle of theory and practice (Tranfield and Starkey, 1998) in Saunders et al (2007). This is whereby business and management research will have to apply both theory and practice to increase knowledge. The third debate which this article discusses is how management research can meet the double hurdle of been rigorous both in theory and method while engaging the world of practice and relevance (Hodgkinson et al, 2001) in Saunders et al (2007). This debate arises mainly from Gibbons et al (1994) work on the production of knowledge and its concepts. The implications of these debates are that business and management research will now have ‘to address business issues and practical managerial problems in addition to advancing knowledge and understanding. This however may turn out to be a problem because research that has no commercial value now might have value in the future (Huff and Huff, 2001) in Saunders et al (2007). The second article, ‘Evidence based management by Pfeffer and Sutton(2006), discusses the issue that managers, very much like doctors, rely on outdated knowledge, traditional ways of doing things and their own methods and skills. As with medicine according to Pfeffer and Sutton (2006), managers should in addition to practice and experience, use best logic and evidence to achieve better results. This is because, as opined by Pfeffer and Sutton (2006), even though research on medical practices abound, doctors do not use them. This is the case also with managers because as per their argument, ‘managers are actually much more ignorant than doctors†¦.and they are less eager to find out. Although Pfeffer and Sutton (2006) posit an evidence based movement among managers, they do not loose sight of the challenges which are that the evidence is weaker because everyone lays claim to been a management expert and because of the dynamics from one company to another, that what works for one company may not work for another company. Reasons why managers prefer to make decisions that are not based on new evidence without giving it a serious thought, according to Pfeffer and Sutton (2006) is that they rely heavily on past experience. Dogma and belief is another major driver of managers decisions while ideology has its own fair share of the blame. Hype and marketing also plays a major role in the decisions taken by managers as much as imitation of another companys style; so does casual benchmarking though if well utilized can be cost effective but what works in one company may not work for another. In spite of the factors militating against evidence based management, as posited by Pfeffer and Sutton (2006), ‘organizations will perform better if leaders knew and applied the best evidence. This boils down to the point of ‘providing training, technologies and work practices so staff can take the critical results of the best studies to the bedside. These managers can achieve through demanding evidence, adopting a neutral stance towards ideologies and theories, examining logic, treating the organization as an unfinished prototype, embracing the attitude of wisdom and cultivating the right balance of humility and decisiveness, Pfeffer and Sutton (2006). The third article under review, ‘The narrative of evidence based management: a polemic by Morrell K, (2008) discusses that evidence based management is an offshoot of evidence based medicine which tries to apply ‘the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions (Sackett et al 1996) in Morrell(2008). Based on the extensive research carried out in the field of evidence based management, agencies of government and policy makers have taken on board principles of evidence based management, even though there is still no consensus as to what really evidence is in management studies or on what will be used the determine the quality of evidence (Dopson, 2006) in Morrell (2008). This article also points out the political and moral implications for management both as research and practice, arguing that ‘current attempts to translate the principles of evidence based management have overlooked the role of ethics and judgments (Sackett et al, 1996) in Morrell (2008). Morrell (2008) is of the opinion that not all those pushing for ‘evidence based approaches were in tune with each other as they used different variants to achieve their own purposes. However, they share the view about the relationship that management research has to management practice and the modes of research and forms of knowledge production that it promotes. Morrell (2008) argues that ideology has a part to play in evidence based management and the strands which he identified which can be traced are pragmatism, progress, systematization, technique and accumulation. Based on these, there is a commitment to positivism which means that our knowledge of the social world increases through experiment and that there should be a more scientific approach to the research of the social. This, according to (Hammersly, 2001) in Morrell (2008), is explicit in the goal of building an evidence base or knowledge stock which will give evidence about the social world. Consequent upon these, those who are in support of evidence based approaches state the intention of carrying out research to inform practice as according to (Young et al, 2002) in Morrell(2008), a common belief is that evidence is key to encouraging the adoption of practices by those who are entrusted with policy formulation or other players. The third argument propounded here is the commitment to and development of a common language with the adoption and redefinition of key terms, ‘through, ‘objective, ‘transparent, ‘rigorous, ‘systematic and ‘narrative. Here, existing criticism has overlooked the lapses in evidence based literature, yet, making it too simple, restraint and regimentation will have both political and moral implications that can lead to liberty been curtailed, Morrell, (2008). From the arguments, it is clear that evidence based approach offers a fresh scope to analysis using an esthetic that highlights the political and moral implications of the approach to management. As opined by (McLaughlin 2001) in Morrell (2008), researchers aspire to a way of evaluating the quality of proven evidence. Morrell argues that the apparent lack of a common ground in management studies is a problem because consensus is needed if the study of management will grow. This is because even in medicine where there seems to be a certain level of agreement, ‘the adoption of promising practices is not governed by the principles of evidence, robust scientific evidence is not, of itself, sufficient to ensure diffusion Morrell (2008). The fourth and final article under review, ‘Dynamic Capabilities and Knowledge Management: an Integrative Role for Learning?, Eaerby-Smith and Prieto (2008), discusses the dynamic capabilities approach of strategic management (Eisenhardt and Martin, 2000; Teece, Pisano and Shuen, 1997) in Easterby-Smith and Prieto (2008) which sets out to show why some organizations succeed more than others in building competitive advantage within changing markets. Here, the management of knowledge has been put forward as a primary strategic initiative and the most important factor that will guarantee a sustained competitive edge for companies (Grant, 1996) in Easterby-Smith and Prieto (2008). While the dynamic capabilities school emphasizes the renewal of resources by reconfiguring them into new capabilities and competencies as posited by (Teece, Pisano and Shuen, 1997) in Easterby-Smith and Prieto (2008), While the dynamic capabilities school emphasizes the renewal of resources by reconfiguring them into new capabilities and competencies as posited by (Teece, Pisano and Shuen, 1997) in Easterby-Smith and Prieto (2008), according to (Cepeda and Vera, 2005) in Easterby-Smith and Prieto (2008), knowledge management research often focuses on providing solutions to managers to create, retain transfer and use an enterprises explicit and tacit knowledge. This article under review relates to the debate in the sense it shares some views with the other authors. According to Easterby-Smith and Prieto (2008), there are times when researchers, without been aware of it, use ideas and models drawn from other fields not knowing the discussions that have lead to the constructs coming to light, and this sometimes leads to a confusion of concepts between the fields. Again, because researchers may not know the potential limitations in the other field, they may build their research on quick sand. Furthermore, without proper information of the other field, researchers may loss opportunities to better develop their own fields. In relation to the other articles, the idea of knowledge management has become important due to the increased awareness of the importance of knowledge for a companies prosperity and survival, (Grant, 1996; Kogut and Zander, 1992) in Easterby-Smith and Prieto (2008). In this article, Lave and Wenger (1991), come up with the idea that knowledge is ‘situated in the practice of everyday work, while (Cook and Yanow, 1993; Nicolini and Meznar, 1995; Nicolini, Gherardi and Yanow, 2003) propound the idea that organizational knowledge is sustained through social processes within ‘communities of practice. In the light of all that that has been reviewed, it can be deduced that even though the writers of these articles seek to find the right approach to solving the problems of organizational research, they go about it in different ways and have their own views. They however share similar ideas and even though there is no consensus. REFERENCES: Easterby-Smith, M., Prieto, I.M. (2008), Dynamic Capabilities and Knowledge Management: an Integrative Role for Learning? British Journal of Management, 19, pp235-249. Morrell, K. (2008), â€Å"The Narrative of ‘Evidence Based Management: A polemic†, Journal of Management Studies, vol.45 no.3, pp613-635. Pfeffer, J and Sutton, R, (2006), ‘Evidence based management, Harvard Business Review, Jan, pp63-74. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, E. (2007), ‘Research methods for Business Students, London: Prentice Hall, pp4-9.