Friday, March 20, 2020
The Governments Taking of Private Property
The Governments Taking of Private Property The Constitution of the United States is based primarily on the ideas of the 17th Century English philosopher John Locke. Locke thought that everyone had natural rights, which included life, liberty, and property. Locke stated the great and chief end, therefore, of mens uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of property (Locke/ McClaughry 3). He thought that if any of these rights were violated that the violator should make restitution. The Takings Clause in the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution states Nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. When the government needs a citizens private property to build roads or buildings, they compensate the person with money roughly equal to the value of that persons land. The problem of the government taking or restricting a citizens land arises with regulation of private property. John McClaughry defines regulatory taking as a governmental confiscation or destruction of economic rights by regulation, without the physical occupation which would trigger just compensation to the owner (McClaughry 7). The case of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council is an example of regulatory taking. In the case of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, Lucas bought two adjacent lots on the coast of the Isle of Palms in South Carolina, only to have the land restricted by the state, which prevented his intended use of the lots. Lucas argued that the states restriction of the land constituted taking without just compensation. The South Carolina Court of Common Pleas agreed with Lucas and awarded him $1,232,387.50. The Supreme Court of South Carolina disagreed with the lower court, and saying that the restrictions were designed to prevent serious public harm so no compensation was ...
Wednesday, March 4, 2020
Using the French Future Tense
Using the French Future Tense When youre starting to learn any language, you need to know how to use the future tense. Although it functions similarly in French as in English, some differences are worth considering. Basic Future Tense in French The French future tense talks about upcoming events. While the French future tense has a full set of conjugations, the English equivalent is just the modal verb will plus the main verb. For example: Jirai au magasin demain. / I will go to the store tomorrow.Ils mangeront dans lavion. / They will eat on the plane. Conditional Use The French future tense can also be used in si clauses, to express what will happen if a condition is met: Si jai le temps, je le ferai. / If I have time, I will do it.Je le ferai si jai le temps. / I will do it if I have time. French Vs. English There are some differences between the French and English future tenses. When the action of the verb after certain constructions will take place in the future, the future tense is used in French, whereas in English the present tense is used: Quand il arrivera, nous mangerons. / When he arrives, we will eat.Je vous tà ©là ©phonerai dà ¨s que je pourrai. / Ill call you as soon as I can. In journalism and other factual narration, the future is often used in French even though the events are in the past: Nà © en Martinique, Aimà © Cà ©saire à ©tudiera Paris et redà ©couvrira lAfrique. / Born in Martinique, Aimà © Cà ©saire studied in Paris and rediscovered Africa. In French, the future can also be used for polite orders and requests, in place of the vous form of the imperative: Vous fermerez la porte, sil vous plaà ®t. / Close the door, please. To express something that is going to occur very soon, you also can use the futur proche (near future tense). Irregular Verbs The future is one of the simplest French tenses. There is only one set of endings for all verbs, and most of them- even many that are irregular in the present tense- use their infinitive as the root. French has only about two dozen stem-changing or irregular verbs that have irregular future stems but take the same endings. The exact same verbs are irregular in the conditional and use the same stems. acheter  achà ¨ter-   similar verbs: achever, amener, emmener, lever, promeneracquà ©rir  acquerr-   similar verbs: conquà ©rir, senquà ©rirappeler  appeller-   similar verbs: à ©peler, rappeler, renouveleraller  ir-avoir  aur-courir  courr-   similar verbs: concourir, discourir, parcourirdevoir  devr-envoyer  enverr-essayer  essaier-   similar verbs: balayer, effrayer, payeressuyer  essuier-   similar verbs: appuyer, ennuyerà ªtre  ser-faire  fer-falloir  faudr-jeter  jetter-   similar verbs: feuilleter, hoqueter, projeter, rejeternettoyer  nettoier-   similar verbs: employer, noyer, tutoyerpleuvoir  pleuvr-pouvoir  pourr-savoir  saur-tenir  tiendr-   similar verbs: maintenir, obtenir, soutenirvaloir  vaudr-venir  vie ndr-   similar verbs: devenir, parvenir, revenirvoir  verr-   similar verb: revoirvouloir  voudr- French Future Conjugations To conjugate a verb ending in -er or -ir in the future tense, add the appropriate endings to the infinitive. For verbs ending in -re, remove the final -e and then add the future endings. For irregular verbs, add the endings to the irregular future stem. Here are the future conjugations for the regular verbs parler (to speak), finir (to finish), and vendre (to sell), and the irregular verb aller (to go):  Pronoun Future ending parler parler- finir finir- vendre vendr- aller ir- je -ai parlerai finirai vendrai irai tu -as parleras finiras vendras iras il -a parlera finira vendra ira nous -ons parlerons finirons vendrons irons vous -ez parlerez finirez vendrez irez ils -ont parleront finiront vendront iront
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